JMIR Medical Education Evolution of Chatbots in Nursing Education: Narrative Review

Duolingo, a popular language learning app, has integrated chatbots to help users practice conversational skills in various languages. Through interactive dialogs and simulated conversations, learners can improve their speaking, listening, and comprehension skills in a low-pressure environment. In recent years, chatbots have emerged as powerful tools in various industries, including education.

Click the banner below for exclusive content about software in higher education. Much of the early panic over ChatGPT has subsided as instructors have realized the limitations of the AI, tools have been developed to detect its use and thought leaders have encouraged colleges to embrace tools like ChatGPT. Artificial intelligence has been a blazingly hot topic in higher education since ChatGPT burst onto the scene in late 2022, stoking early fears that comprehensive, AI-written essays would “blow up” the entire education system.

Businesses use chatbots to support customers and help them accomplish simple tasks without the help of a human agent. Chatbots can be powered by pre-programmed responses or artificial intelligence and natural language processing. Based on the applied mechanism, they process human language to understand user queries and deliver matching answers. There are two main types of chatbots, which also tell us how they communicate — rule-based chatbots and AI chatbots. To get the most from an organization’s existing data, enterprise-grade chatbots can be integrated with critical systems and orchestrate workflows inside and outside of a CRM system.

Interestingly, the only peer agent that allowed for a free-style conversation was the one described in (Fryer et al., 2017), which could be helpful in the context of learning a language. Shows an overview of the platforms the educational chatbots operate on. Most researchers (25 articles; 69.44%) developed chatbots that operate on the web (Fig. 5). For example, KEMTbot (Ondáš et al., 2019) is a chatbot system that provides information about the department, its staff, and their offices.

You’ll be able to determine whether you need to build it from scratch or not. After the experiment, Roman Yampolskiy, the head of the CyberSecurity lab at the University of Louisville, said that Microsoft’s experiment proved that chatbots are like children. Microsoft’s experiment showed that there is still room for improvement in AI.

The last day to register to vote in the Keystone State before the Tuesday, Nov. 5 general election is Oct. 21., according to the Pennsylvania Department of State. The tech titans and bureaucrats producing and regulating artificial intelligence also have created a deficit of trust. You Pro costs $20 per month for unlimited GPT-4 and Stable Diffusion XL access.

How to Build a Chatbot for Education Services

Striking a balance between these advantages and concerns is crucial for responsible integration in education. More recently, more sophisticated and capable chatbots amazed the world with their abilities. Among them, ChatGPT and Google Bard are among the most profound AI-powered chatbots. It was first announced in November 2022 and is available to the general public. ChatGPT’s rival Google Bard chatbot, developed by Google AI, was first announced in May 2023. Both Google Bard and ChatGPT are sizable language model chatbots that undergo training on extensive datasets of text and code.

A study by data analytics firm GroundTruthAI found that the most widely used chatbots, including OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini 1.0 Pro, provided incorrect information more than a quarter of the time. Moreover, you can integrate virtual assistants with various communication channels and platforms, including your websites, LiveChat, social media like Facebook Messenger, and other messaging applications. This way, AI chatbots allow customers to interact with business using their favorite channels. Because of that, digital assistants are now used on a broad scale to help businesses and customers interact with each other with ease.

Based on student interactions, engagement patterns, and performance metrics, chatbots gain valuable insights into students’ learning preferences and areas of strength and weakness. Chatbots play a pivotal role in enhancing student engagement within educational institutions. They create a dynamic and participatory learning environment by leveraging interactive experiences and providing timely responses to student queries. Additionally, speech technologies emerged as an area requiring substantial improvement, in line with previous results (Jeon et al., 2023). With the exception of Buddy.ai, the voice-based interactions provided very low results due to poor speech recognition and dissatisfaction with the synthesized voice, potentially leading to student anxiety and disengagement. Simultaneously, rendering the AICs’ voice generation more human-like can be attained through more sophisticated Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems that mimic the intonation, rhythm, and stress of natural speech (Jeon et al., 2023).

By answering prospective students’ queries on courses, admissions, and the application process, chatbots simplify and speed up the enrolment process. The versatility of chatbots allows for a range of applications in educational services. Adeel Akram, Senior Account Executive for respond.io, highlights the prominent use cases he encountered in the education field.

Voice-based chatbots are more accessible to older adults and some special-need people (Brewer et al., 2018). An embodied chatbot has a physical body, usually in the form of a human, or a cartoon animal (Serenko et al., 2007), allowing them to exhibit facial expressions and emotions. The chatbot used pattern matching to emulate a psychotherapist conversing with a human patient. It used Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) to identify an accurate response to user input using knowledge records (AbuShawar and Atwell, 2015).

• A user-driven interaction was mainly utilized for chatbots teaching a foreign language.
• This efficiency contributes to higher satisfaction levels among educatee and staff, positively impacting the institution’s credibility.
• Some chatbots have options to opt out of sharing data which are described in the terms of service.
• Digital assistants address queries and exchange information regarding lectures, assignments, or events.
• EdWeek reports that, according to Impact Research, nearly 50% of teachers utilized ChatGPT for lesson planning and generated creative ideas for their classes.

When the user provides answers compatible with the flow, the interaction feels smooth. AI chatbots for education offer backup throughout university life, from the admission process to post-course assistance. They act beyond classroom activities as campus guides, providing valuable information on facilities and helping students. Considering this, the University of Murcia in Spain used an AI chat assistant that successfully addressed more than 38,708 inquiries with an accuracy rate of 91%. AI systems may lack the emotional understanding and sensitivity required for dealing with complex sentimental concerns. In educational establishments where mental support is essential, the absence of sensitive intelligence in chatbots can limit their effectiveness in addressing users’ personal needs.

Cost savings achieved through chatbot-assisted tasks

Empirical articles, grounded in observations and experiences, constituted 3% (1/40) of the articles [32]. Phenomenological studies, delving into lived experiences and perceptions, comprised 3% (1/40) of the articles [33]. Proof-of-concept studies, showcasing the feasibility of an idea or approach, constituted 3% (1/40) of the articles [38].

Conversely, due to the novelty of ECs, the author has not found any studies pertaining to ECs in design education, project-based learning, and focusing on teamwork outcomes. The eligibility criteria were devised in accordance with the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design) framework [24]. The study inclusion criteria were meticulously outlined to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the selected research.

This study identifies a need for more active collaboration in the EC group and commitment for the CT group. Overall, it can be observed that the group task performed through ECs contributed towards team building and collaboration, whereas for the CT group, the concept of individuality was more apparent. Interestingly, no feedback from the EC group mentioned difficulties in using the EC nor complexity in interacting with it.

Chatbot-human interaction satisfaction model results

Claude has a simple text interface that makes talking to it feel natural. You can ask questions or give instructions, like chatting with someone. It works well with apps like Slack, so you can get help while you work.

Also, they facilitate job placements and internships, contributing to students’ career success and employability. AI chatbots serve as virtual campus tour guides for prospective students. It offers personalized tours and information about campus facilities, academic programs, and student life. Chatbots in education can save institutions over 30% in customer service costs.

Divi Teams

Security and data leakage are a risk if sensitive third-party or internal company information is entered into a generative AI chatbot—becoming part of the chatbot’s data model which might be shared with others who ask relevant questions. This could lead to data leakage and violate an organization’s security policies. The terms chatbot, AI chatbot and virtual agent are often used interchangeably, which can cause confusion. While the technologies these terms refer to are closely related, subtle distinctions yield important differences in their respective capabilities. Personalized and customized learning is probably the primary reason for students to shift to online courses. Every student has a different learning pace and so they require personalized sessions where they can be at their own tempo.

AI aids researchers in developing systems that can collect student feedback by measuring how much students are able to understand the study material and be attentive during a study session. The way AI technology is booming in every sphere of life, the day when quality education will be more easily accessible is not far. For example, Georgia Tech has created an adaptive learning platform for its computer science master’s program. This platform uses AI to personalize the learning experience for each student. Similarly, Stanford has its own AI Laboratory, where researchers work on cutting-edge AI projects. MIT is also heavily invested in AI with its MIT Intelligence Quest (MIT IQ) and MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab initiatives, exploring the potential of AI in various fields.

Engagement

The data is captured digitally in a format that can be analyzed manually or by using algorithms that can detect themes, patterns, and connections. In effect the teacher can “interact” with and learn from multiple learners at the same time (in theory an infinite number of them). The results show that the chatbots were proposed in various areas, including mainly computer science, language, general education, and a few other fields such as engineering and mathematics. Most chatbots are accessible via a web platform, and a fewer chatbots were available on mobile and desktop platforms.

Moreover, according to Cunningham-Nelson et al. (2019), one of the key benefits of EC is that it can support a large number of users simultaneously, which is undeniably an added advantage as it reduces instructors’ workload. Colace et al. (2018) describe ECs as instrumental when dealing with multiple students, especially testing behavior, keeping track of progress, and assigning tasks. Furthermore, ECs were also found to increase autonomous learning skills and tend to reduce the need for face-to-face interaction between instructors and students (Kumar & Silva, 2020; Yin et al., 2021). Conversely, this is an added advantage for online learning during the onset of the pandemic.

With them, businesses engage website visitors proactively and, eventually, sell more products. Building your chatbot from the ground up is time-consuming, but it gives you total control over your chatbot. You can customize your AI agent to serve the particular needs of your customers, power it to solve complex problems, and integrate it with any platform you wish. SmarterChild was an intelligent chat interface built on AOL Instant Messenger in 2001 by ActiveBuddy, the brand creating conversational interfaces. Developed in 1995 by Richard Wallace, Alice was an NLP application that simulated a chat with a woman.

Chatbots may be better at tutoring certain subjects than others, so be sure to try it out first to assess the helpfulness of the responses. Educational chatbots are conversational bots with specialized training, which educational institutions and companies specifically use for the client and student interaction. The AI chatbot for education is transforming the way Ed-tech companies and institutions are sharing necessary information and leading conversations. In educational institutions, higher education chatbots streamline administrative tasks such as enrollment, course registration, and managing student records. It reduces the administrative burden on staff and faculty, freeing up valuable time and resources for more strategic initiatives.

You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. You.com can be used on a web browser, browser extension, or mobile app. It connects to various websites and services to gather data for the AI to use in its responses. This allows users to customize their experience by connecting to sources they are interested in. Pro users on You.com can switch between different AI models for even more control. This study aims to shed light on the evolution of chatbots in nursing education through data analysis of temporal trends. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram facilitates a systematic search procedure, which guarantees a transparent and strict methodology.

A chatbot, short for chatterbot, is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to conduct a conversation via auditory or textual methods and interacts with humans in their natural languages. These interactions usually occur through websites, messaging applications, or mobile apps, where the bot is capable of simulating and maintaining human-like conversations and perform different tasks (Adamopoulou & Moussiades, 2020). There’s a lot of fascinating research in the area of human-robot collaboration and human-robot teams.

Duplicated papers were removed using Covidence prior to the screening stages to ensure the integrity of the selection process. Three authors (SZ, XL, and WW) independently and in duplicate executed all screening stages and data extraction, resolving any discrepancies through consultation with the senior author (FZ). To ensure precision and uniformity in data, we formulated a comprehensive data extraction form (SZ and WW) that underwent subsequent refinement (SZ and FZ), in alignment with guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [25].

Jasper is dialed and trained for marketing and SEO writing tasks, which is perfect for website copy and blog posts. We all know that ChatGPT can sound somewhat robotic when using it for writing assignments. Jasper and Jasper Chat solved that issue long ago with its platform for generating text meant to be shared Chat GPT with customers and website visitors. ChatGPT Plus offers a slew of additional features—chief among these are its advanced AI models GPT 4 and Dalle 3. GPT 4 is the successor of GPT 3.5, which is even more proficient in writing code and understanding what you are trying to accomplish through conversations.

Lastly, articles classified as communications, conveying crucial information or updates, represented 3% (1/40) of the articles (Table 1) [63]. A study on oncology nursing provided compelling evidence for nurses, addressing challenges and advocating for specialized education and safety measures in the escalating global cancer burden [8]. The proliferation of smartphones in the late 2000s led to the integration of educational chatbots into mobile applications. However, the initial models were basic, relying on a scripted question–answer format and not intended for meaningful practice beyond their specific subject area (Godwin-Jones, 2022).

All three authors collaborated on the selection of the final paper collection and contributed to crafting the conclusion. By leveraging this valuable feedback, teachers can continuously improve their teaching methods, ensuring that students grasp concepts effectively and ultimately succeed in their academic pursuits. With artificial intelligence, the complete process of enrollment and admissions can be smoother and more streamlined. Administrators can take up other complex, time-consuming tasks that need human attention.

Ultimately, it leads to more effective teaching and improved student success rates. Chatbots for educational institutions streamline administrative processes. They help with enrollment https://chat.openai.com/ and course registration to manage student records and academic logistics. They automate routine administrative tasks, saving valuable time and resources for both students and staff.

An intuitive and user-friendly interface enriches the overall user experience and encourages interaction (Chocarro et al., 2021; Yang, 2022). Additionally, the incorporation of engaging multimedia content, including videos, images, and other emerging technologies, can also increase users’ attention and engagement (Jang et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2019). Table 5 shows the results of the three items included in the DEX dimension. For the interaction, detailed instructions were provided via Moodle, with the aim not to measure the participants’ English learning progress, but to enable critical analysis of each AIC as future educators. This assessment was aligned with the CHISM scale, which was completed in a post-survey. A minimum interaction of three hours per week with each AIC, or 48 h over a month across all AICs, was requested from each participant.

All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply. Like creating PowerPoint slides, you can manually define a main chat flow or ask AI to auto-generate one.

• Despite these advancements, challenges such as the need for rigorous original research, funding, ethical considerations, and resource distribution disparities remain.
• These programs use artificial intelligence and natural language processing to engage with pupils, pedagogs, or administrative staff.
• In some cases, the teaching agent started the conversation by asking the students to watch educational videos (Qin et al., 2020) followed by a discussion about the videos.
• Furthermore, there is much to be explored in understanding the complex dynamics of human–computer interaction in realizing such a goal, especially educational goals that are currently being influenced by the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic.

She recently has developed the “d.bot,” which takes a software feature that many of us know through our experiences as customers — the chatbot — and deploys it instead as a tool for teaching and learning. Jenny Robinson, a member of the Stanford Digital Education team, discussed with Britos Cavagnaro what led to her innovation, how it’s working and what she sees as its future. Only four (11.11%) articles used chatbots that engage in user-driven educational chatbots conversations where the user controls the conversation and the chatbot does not have a premade response. For example, the authors in (Fryer et al., 2017) used Cleverbot, a chatbot designed to learn from its past conversations with humans. User-driven chatbots fit language learning as students may benefit from an unguided conversation. The authors in (Ruan et al., 2021) used a similar approach where students freely speak a foreign language.

They can guide you through the process of deploying an educational chatbot and using it to its full potential. According to Kumar and Silva (2020), acceptance, facilities, and skills are still are a significant challenge to students and instructors. Similarly, designing and adapting chatbots into existing learning systems is often taxing (Luo & Gonda, 2019) as instructors sometimes have limited competencies and strategic options in fulfilling EC pedagogical needs (Sandoval, 2018).

Furthermore, some authors have examined the ability of chatbots to promote self-directed learning, given their wide availability and capacity for personalized responses (Annamalai et al., 2023). Nonetheless, certain researchers, including Ayedoun et al. (2015) and Fryer et al. (2019), have indicated that the initial enthusiasm and engagement students show towards chatbots may be short-lived, attributing this to the novelty effect of this technology. One of the significant advantages of chatbots in education industry is their ability to offer immediate feedback. This quick response mechanism is capable of asking about specific aspects of the session or course. Such programs gather comments on various subjects like study material, teaching approaches, assignments, and more.

The surveyed articles used different types of empirical evaluation to assess the effectiveness of chatbots in educational settings. In some instances, researchers combined multiple evaluation methods, possibly to strengthen the findings. The teaching agents presented in the different studies used various approaches. For instance, some teaching agents recommended tutorials to students based upon learning styles (Redondo-Hernández & Pérez-Marín, 2011), students’ historical learning (Coronado et al., 2018), and pattern matching (Ondáš et al., 2019).